Reverse Engineering For Improving Design and Manufacturing
Drag racing is really a fast and furious sport. A large number of horsepower are unleashed in the blink of the eye and have to be harnessed safely on the track within couple of seconds. In comparison, an average road car may have one or two hundred horsepower and take about 20 seconds to pay for that distance. Obviously, it requires some clever engineering and manufacturing technology to achieve a reliably performing drag racing car.
Drag racer Paul Carey of AERO Racing drives a Mazda RX-7 in the ‘Supercharged Outlaw’ class of ANDRA’s National Drag racing series. The AERO Racing team have been using an advanced quad-cam Toyota V8 engine to power the RX-7 on the 400m drag strip. Not just has this given them a point of great interest, as it is unique to possess a Toyota V8 among the legions of yankee V8′s, but also permits them to be running sub 8 second 400m times.
During the 2008 season, reliability issues with the engine weren’t letting Paul and the team attain the best performance in the car. The extreme pressures in the big PSI supercharger were frequently splitting cylinder bores in the steel block, leading to expensive and time consuming engine rebuilds – as well as losing points in the competitive series.
The answer ended up being to develop a completely new engine block from the billet of Alumec 89 that could withstand the rigors of competition. But without starting from scratch and re-inventing the wheel, or engine even. The following smartest thing ended up being to manufacture a much better version of the standard block, stronger and more durable and at the same time frame retain the ancillary systems which were already produced for it, such as the PSI blower, heads, camshafts and bell housings. One of the aspects to enhance on ended up being to remove un-necessary water coolant passageways within the block, which aren’t required when runs are typically under 10 seconds and using Methanol fuel.
The need for some reverse engineering was obviously there. Reverse engineering is a process where a physical part or complex shape is digitised to create a CAD (Cad) model on sophisticated computer software. Ultimately using this CAD model to re-engineer, update or add to the original design.
Other uses of reverse engineering have been in cases where the CAD models or manufacturing drawings for the original parts might not exist and need to become re-created, such as re-creating parts for historic cars or machinery or additional parts to accurately interface to existing parts. All of the automotive manufacturers and even top motorsport teams utilise such technology to hurry in the design process.
There are many ways to reverse engineer a component, including measuring it with a ruler by hand. But more sophisticated methods can be found; these are called CMM, (Coordinate Measuring Machines). Specifically a transportable CMM, which is essentially an articulated arm having a probe, was required in the situation of the engine block. A high precision rotary encoder (a high precision position sensor) for those 6 or 7 axis enables the part to be measured to an accuracy of within 0.02mm. You can measure any point on the part in full 3d (X, Y and Z) simply by touching the probe into it. Otherwise laser scanning attachments are available which let the full 3d surface to become digitised. This is more useful for non geometric shapes and contours such as the dashboard of a car for example.
In every case, an experienced technician is required to operate this type of high precision machine, as the movement of an operators breathing can give vastly varying results. You will find techniques to help from this happening, for example taking more data points and averaging the outcomes.
A full survey from the existing engine block’s features was performed after which accustomed to produce an initial CAD model or point cloud model. The tool enables the user to produce surfaces, circles, points and lines in the 3D model representing the real part’s surfaces, cylinder bores and bolt holes. Generally this won’t anticipate to send towards the machinist straight away as a whole host of post-processing is required to create a finished CAD model. This is where an experienced engineer is required to take the measured features and convey a finished solid model with all the dimensions accurately specified and tolerances put down. This whole process takes a large degree of precision and attention to detail to keep the critical geometric tolerances required by this 1500 HP engine.
The model may then be forwarded to the equipment look for manufacture. High precision machining is another article by itself, but needless to say CNC (Computer Numerically Controlled) machines are used across all manufacturing industries to produce components of very high accuracy, complimenting the accuracy of the CMM quite nicely.